December 4th, 1913: The Cession of Northern Epirus to Albania

On 4 December 1913, the “Florence Protocol” was signed in which Northern Epirus was ceded to Albania.

The International Commission for the Settlement of Borders between Albania and Greece, submits to the London Embassy Conference the decisions taken by it, known as the “Florence Protocol”, on the basis of which the Northern Continent is ceded to Albania.

The agreement marked major geopolitical changes in the Balkan region and stemmed from a series of intensive diplomatic negotiations. Northern Epirus, predominantly Greek populated, was ceded to the newly established state of Albania as part of an international resolution to stabilize relations between these neighboring countries.

Full implementation of the Florence Protocol has been frequently contested owing to subsequent political shifts primarily World War I and II engulfing Europe; demolition resulting led to territorial disputes once again. Southern parts of Albania shifted back and forth between Greece following Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising (1903), similar border adjustments occurred post-world wars making universal adherence difficult.

After a strong protest and opposition from the Greek Government, the Ambassadors of the Powers in London gave a note to the Greek Government, informing it that the decision for the definitive cession of the Aegean islands depended on its full compliance with the terms of the Florence Protocol.

These territorial adjustments created diplomatic tension, furthering the political disagreement between Albania and Greece. The Florence Protocol stipulated certain conditions in regards to land distribution that had to be respected if any agreement was to be reached. However, these terms were met with stern criticism from both sides which led to further complications.

The Greek Government vehemently asserted their claim over the disputed Aegean islands due to rich natural resources apparent there alongside historical significance for their country. Conversely, Albanian authorities argued for similar reasons introducing a stalemate in negotiations.

During this period of changes, multiple small uprisings occurred on either side of the borders adding fuel to an already bustling conflict; making it impossible for outside powers such as Britain or Italy – who had interests in keeping peace among Balkan nations – intervene effectively.